Clause as Exchange

INTRODUCTION

            To study of language, there are many structures to make a good grammar. Grammar is a policy to produce a good sentence. Before become a sentence, the word has a term obey the form. Such as, phrase, clause and then sentence. In this occasion, clause has some function in grammatical structure. There are clause as exchange, clause as message, clause as Significance of clause as exchange It is about the relationship speakers forge with listeners through the form of language. 
Interpersonal In the act of speaking, the speaker adopts for himself a particular speech role, and in so doing assigns to the listener a complementary role that he wishes him to adopt in his turn. Language is interaction process between the speaker and listener. Proposition and proposal question command demanding Statement offer giving information goods & services. In this paper, we will discuss about clause as exchange (Proposal, proposition, and mood structure).

    

Disscussion

Clause as Exchange

In an oral and written discourse, interaction always occurs between the speaker or writer with the reader or listener both directly or indirectly.  Interactions that occur involving the speaker and the listener or interlocutor is one form of the clause as exchange.  The following quote from Gerot and Wignell (1995:22) "Making an utterance is an interactive event inherently involving a speaker or writer and an addressee (listener or reader). "

            In a conversation each speaker chooses his role, and in a manner does not immediately place the other person in the other role.  Next according Gerot and Wignell (1995: 22) "A speaker, in uttering, selects a speech role for her or himself, and, simultaneously and concisely, allocates a speech role to the addressee. "

In this case there are two roles, namely giving and demanding.  The following quote from Halliday (1985: 68) "The most fundamental types of speech roles, which lie behind all the more specific types that we may eventually be able to recognize, are just two: (i) giving and (ii) demanding. "For example, if the speaker asks something then the other person is asked to give something, other than that if the speaker gives something then the other person is asked to accept the gift.

            Things that are exchanged (commodity) can be in the form of goods or services can also be information.  Following according to Halliday (1985: 68)"Cutting across this basic distinction between giving and demanding is another distinction, equally fundamental, that relates to the nature of the commodity being exchanged.  This may be either (a) goods and services, or (b) information”. For example, if the speaker asks for an item, the other person is asked to give the item, if the speaker gives information then the opponent talk asked to receive that information.

 Of the two divisions of clause as exchange involving speech roles and commodity can be summarized in the quote table from Halliday (1985: 68) below:

Tabel 1. Clause as Exchange

Commodity Exchange Role in Exchange	(a)    Good and services	(b)   Information
(i)                 giving	‘offer’ Would you like this teapot ?	‘statement’ He’s giving her the teapot
(ii)               demanding	‘command’ Give me that teapot	‘questions’ What is he giving her ?

Of course, the other person has discretion in responding to the role from the speaker.  The following quote from Gerot and Wignell (1995: 23) :

“ Of cource, the addressee has some direction ;”

                                                                            +                                -

                                   Offer                             accept                          reject

                                   Statement                      acknowledge               contradict

                                   Command                    undertake                    refuse

                                    Question                      answer                         disclaim

A.    Clause

            According to Halliday and Hasan (1976: 197) : "The clause in English, considered as the expression of the various speeches functions, such as statements, questions, responses and so on, has a two-part structure consists of Modal Element plus Propositional Element"

             A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself. Clause simultaneously encodes 3 (main) strands of Meaning: Experiential (ideational), interpersonal, and textual.

            One is what Halliday calls ideational. This involves looking for processes in a text - processes name events taking place or relationships among things. Then you divide the text up into processes and whatever ‘go with them’. Knowing what a verb is, you can think of looking for processes as looking for verbs. You remember from traditional school grammar the notion that verbs are ‘action’ words. This can be useful as long as you keep in mind that lot of verbs (e.g. be and have) refer to relationships, not actions.

            Another way is what Halliday calls interpersonal. This involves treating a text as a dialogue. Basically, this means dividing the text into things you can argue with.

            The third way is what Halliday calls textual. This approach takes advantages of the fact that texts may tend to return to closely related starting points at the beginning of successive clauses.

            Interpersonal meaning (clause as exchange) expresses relations among participants in the situation and the speaker’s own intrusion. (Halliday, 1978:46) The interpersonal function meaning is an interpretation of language in its function as an exchange, which is a doing function of language. It is concerned with language as action. The interpersonal of the clause is that the exchanging roles in rhetorical interaction statements, questions, offers, and commands, together with accompanying modalities.

            From the above quote it can be concluded that the clause is in English is an expression of various speech functions such as statements, questions, responses and more.  The whole clause in English has two part structure;  capital and propositional elements.

 For example:

Example	Mood
The spy came in from the cold	Declarative
Did the spy come in from the cold ?	Interrogative : yes/no
Who came in from the cold?	Inttrogative : wh-
Where did the spy come from ?	Introgative : wh-
Come in from the cold !	Imperative

                                   

B.     Proposition and proposal

            Statements and questions involve exchanges of information and they are called propositions while offers and commands are exchanges of goods and services called proposals. Look at this Halliday’s metaphor of symbolic exchange table:

Role in exchange	Goodsand services	information
Giving	ofer	Statement
Seeking	command	question
	proposal	proposition

C.    Mood Structure

            Mood is a system through which interpersonal meanings are realized within the conversation. It consists of two parts: (1) the subject, which is a nominal group, and (2) the finite operator, which is part of a verbal group, and the remainder of those parts are called residue.

Example :

They	are	discussing	About mathematic
Subject	finite	predicator	adjunct
Mood		Residu

            From the structure, we may find that a mood element of an English clause typically consists of subject + finite. The Finite element is one of the small numbers of verbal operators expressing tense, modality and polarity. These are listed below:

Finite verbal operators, Temporal:

Past	Present	Future
Did, was, had, used to	Does, is , has	Will, shall would, should

Modal:

Low	Median	high
Can, may, would, might	Will, wouldis to, was to	Must,ought to need, has to, had to

 (Halliday 1994: 76)

These verbal operators also have negative counterparts, e.g. didn’t, won’t, can’t, wouldn’t, mustn’t.

The residue element it consists of predicator, one or more complement(s), and any number of different types of adjuncts.

a.       Predicator is the verb part of a clause, the bit which tell what’s doing, happening or being. There are also non-finite (to+verb and verb+ing) clauses containing a predicator but no finite element, for example:

So as to give Henry more room

To give	henry	More room
Complement	coplement	complement

            Halliday (1994: 79) claims that there are two verbs in English which in simple past and simple present tense appears as finite only, without being fused with a distinct element as predicator. These are “be” and “have”

The car	had	Four bicycles wheels
Subject	finite	complement
Mood		residue

b.      Complement

answers the question “is/ had what”, “to whom”, “did to what”. The complements have the potential to be Subject.

                   Henry Ford built his first car in his backyard.

His first car answers the question: did to (built) what?

c.       Adjunct

            Circumstantial adjunct answer the question “how”, “when”, “where”, “by whom”

Example: In the symphony was played badly by an amateur orchestra during a concert Saturday night at the Performing Art Centre. “badly” is an adjunct, answering the question how “by an amateur orchestra” is an adjunct, answering the question whom

“during a concert and Saturday night” are adjuncts, answering the question when

“at the Performing Art Centre” is an adjunct, answering the question where.

            These are all circumstantial adjunct. There are several other types of adjuncts. One of these is centrally relevant to analysis of MOOD. The two which fall outside of mood structure are conjunctive adjunct and comment adjunct. Conjunctive adjunct include item such as, for instance, anyway, moreover, meanwhile, therefore, nevertheless. While comment adjunct express the speakers’ comment on what he/she is saying, such as, frankly, apparently, hopefully, etc.

            Mood adjunct, on the other hand, both express interpersonal meanings and do fall within mood structure, more particularly within the mood element. Mood adjuncts relate specifically to the meaning of the finite verbal operators, expressing probability, usuallity, obligation, inclination or time.

CONCLUSION

            A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). Interpersonal meaning (clause as exchange) expresses relations among participants in the situation and the speaker’s own intrusion. (Halliday, 1978:46)

            Statements and questions involve exchanges of information and they are called propositions while offers and commands are exchanges of goods and services called proposals. Mood is a system through which interpersonal meanings are realized within the conversation. From the structure, we may find that a mood element of an English clause typically consists of subject + finite.

REFERENCES

Gerot , Linda and Peter Wignell. 1995. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Australia: Gerd Stabler

M, Halliday& Matthiessen, C. 2003. Clause as exchange. In M. Halliday & C. Matthiessen, An introduction to functional grammar . Oxford: Oxford University Press.